Line Dance History Australia
Line Dance History Australia
July / Aug 1996
Click on the publication above to view the full original format.

Chris Black (Vic), Rodney Thomas (NT), Bill Larson (QLD), David Cheshire (WA), Lee Walling (NT), Cindy Truelove (WA), Rick & Rose Coomber (Tas), Geoff Payne (ACT), Mark & Trevor Smith (WA), Lyndsay Ryan (NSW), Bill Chapman (NZ), Lance Pritchard (NSW), Shari Parnell (SA), Neil Hale (USA), Carol Fitchie (USA) Grizzly Adams (NSW), Diane Amberger (NZ), Joe MacManamon (Tamworth) and Jon Peppin (VIC).
APRA, AMCOS, Country Connection Clothing, Div's Line Dancing Directory, LDIAA, Pandarra Trading Company, Smart Western Wear, Darkes Forest Woolshed, ARIA, PPCA, Yallah Woolshed, International Bootscootin' Travel Club, Gentry Travel, Spirit of Tamworth, Australia Post, ABC Country, EMI, Warner Music, BMG, Arista, Sony Music, Festival Records, Mercury, Capitol Records, Massive, Dino Music, Starlite Records and rooArt.

Each 2 months and exactly 30 years ago to the day, we re-publish the original Country Goss' Line Dance Magazine and supplement it here with additional photos, videos and stories that may not have been readily available at the time. A veritable "time capsule" of line dancing! There's more to read in the original magazine, in the meantime here is a look at what the Editor had to say back in July 1996, plus a little more!

Country Goss' continues to grow, and this month we have pages and pages of interesting news, photos, letters, articles, holidays and dance information. We're especially excited to bring you Trevor Smith's historical piece on Australia's Bootscoot Origins which we have supplemented with additional pictures and videos. Trevor is one of this country's true line dance pioneers.
First though, Licencing agent PPCA has contacted Country Goss' to raise concerns on what they say is "the ongoing and widespread abuse of copyright by dance teachers". Under the Australian Copyright Act 1968 (The Act) Section 85, it is illegal to make a copy of a recording, cause the broadcast to be heard in public and broadcast the recording unless all relevant licences are held. If you are unsure of the different licences required, and there are several, head back to our original January/February 1996 issue where you will find extensive information on Copyright and Licencing. At the end of the day, the licences are relatively inexpensive.
The Fifth Australian Country Line Dancing Championships will take place at the Calrossy Auditorium in Tamworth from 21st - 24th January 1997 and nominations are now open. Select a dance you are confident with and enjoy the benefit and thrill of competing at a national level. Your score sheet is your story!
1997 Championships:
19 Sections to choose from;
Heats will be held each day with the Finals at night;
Daytime admission will be $4.00 (9am - 6pm) and Finals $6.00 (7pm - 11pm);
Dancers receive free passes for their Heats;
All dancers receive the judges score sheet after each session;
Section Winners receive a Championships Gold Medal with the team receiving the coveted Tamworth Boot;
Closing dates for nominations is 10th December 1996;
The Championships Dance Program will be mailed prior to Xmas; and
An Entry Form is available (flyer) in this issue of Country Goss'.
Further details in upcoming issues or contact Joe MacManamon on 067 664 107.

Country Goss' and Smart Western Wear are proud supporters of the 5th Tamworth Australian Country Line Dancing Championships for 1997. All Entry Forms will go into a draw to win $1000 worth of Smart Country Wester Wear.

Are you a budding choreographer? Then get your dance ready for the Country Goss' 32 Step Choreography Competition at the Australian Line Dance Championships in Tamworth 1997. Trophies & Prizes. Further details in the next issue of Country Goss'.

Joe MacManamon sends a big "Thank you" on behalf of the Arthritis Foundation, to the country music industry, its entertainers, musicians, fans and line dancers for a wonderful weekend at the recent 6th Annual Tamworth On Parade Country Music Spectacular at Homebush Bay.

A tribute to the country music family, the event was a huge success and the Country Music Spectacular CD by Outback Music will be a collector's item for years to come. Joe says keep the weekend of 26/27th July 1997 free to do it all again. There's much more Spirit of Tamworth news to read on Page 11.
12 year old Australian Duo Line Dance Champion Luis Riveros also says "Thank you" for your support.
"I would like to take this opportunity to thank each and every one of the people who helped me realise my lifelong ambition of getting to (Fan Fair) the United States in June 1996 this year. I would never have made it had it not been for the tireless efforts of the many line dancers and friends who kindly donated and raised the money for my ticket. Thank you one and all, I hope I do you proud". Sincerely, Luis Riveros.

COUNTRY GOSS' presents

as told by Trevor Smith 1996.
"It was an eye-opening experience to have seen the beginnings of bootscooting in Australia, as humble as they were, to what it has risen to. It is also exceptionally satisfying and gives me a feeling of great pride knowing that I have seen its beginnings across three states of Australia. I would like to pay tribute to Geoff Perkins who through a love of bootscooting could see just what fun could be attained through this dance" says Trevor.
"I was lucky enough to know them all"
"It is unfortunate that Geoff is no longer with us 'god rest his soul'. Today the heritage of Aussie bootscoot can be traced back to Geoff Perkins, Ian Wilby, Ken Wheatley and others. I was lucky enough to know them all. Hat's off to you. Remember we are the pioneers of the best toe tappin, knee slappin' & yee-haa'n good times this country has ever seen. Keep your boots nice and shiny, your smile nice and bright, put on your hat and pull on your jeans, cause we're going bootscootin' tonight".
This is my story.
1986 - 1996
Western Line Dancing or better known as Bootscooting here in Australia, is currently celebrating its 10th Anniversary down under. Yes that's right, 10 years of Toe Tappin', Knee Slappin', Yee Haain' Fun as a dance style of its own. It has been known that Line Dancing has been around for some time longer but was never taken seriously as a style of dancing that is huge in its own right.
"Mr Geoff Perkins of Lilyfield, Sydney"
It was 10 years ago around August/September 1986 that Line Dancing was brought back from the States by Mr Geoff Perkins of Lilyfield, Sydney, one of his many trips to the home of the brave, USA. He had seen Line Dancing in the States and realised that here was a form of fun, dancing and exercise, that could be enjoyed by anyone and everyone.
Geoff returned to Australia with fond memories and a book of dance which is now referred to as the Bootscooters Bible - due to the fact it was the first book strictly referring to Line Dancing here in Australia. It was prepared by a gentleman by the name of Maxcy Moon of the USA. It consisted of seventeen dances beginning with The Frieze and ending with Texas Eight Corners.
"With bible in one hand and courage in the other"
It also included some all-time favourites such as Slap Leather, Tahoe Kick & Oregan Four. The bible described each dance in detail as well as including the terminology. So, with bible in one hand and courage in the other, Geoff and some of his mates - Ian Wilby, Trevor Smith, Ken Wheatley and three or four others, set out to teach Bootscoot to the masses.
"Australia's first bootscoot class"
Australia's first bootscoot class began at the Paddington Green Hotel (ex Greenwood Tree Hotel) in Oxford St, Darlinghurst, Sydney, with 12 to 15 dancers. The class steadily grew until there were 45 to 60 dancers regularly strutting their stuff across the dance floor. But alas, the hotel was sold and these true blue, die hard Cowboys had to find a new venue to Frieze, Brush-up & Stomp to a new wave of country music.
Around this time Geoff Perkins had been overcome by the powers of work commitments, and I (Trevor Smith) had decided to move north to the land of the brilliant one dance, perfect the next (Queensland). The Sydney class moved to new premises at the Erskineville (Imperial) Hotel and was kept alive by the sheer guts and determination of Mr Ian Wilby. From this class came the now well-known ALD and one of Australia's best known and respected teachers and choreographers, Gordon Elliott.

From ALD would emerge many of todays most recognised Instructors including Gordon Elliott, Ken Wheatley, Lance Pritchard, Terry Kelly, David Dickson, Lisa Harper and others, many of whom would go on to compete at the very first National Line Dance Championships in Tamworth 1993.
ALD's Gordon Elliott, Tina Salvestro & Ken Wheatley take 1st place at the Inaugural Line Dance Championships in Tamworth in 1993. Award presented by Joe MacManamon.
ALD's Tony Burns, Tony Coggan & John Taverner, were instrumental in pioneering Australia's Longest Line Dance in Tamworth in 1994. Lisa Harper was both a prominent ALD Clogging and Line Dance Instructor.
Back to the trail of happy bootscooters. It was a tough time for Bootscooting, with people having problems admitting they like country music in public, the average person thinking it was a new form of square dancing and generally an ignorance to what country rock was all about. Bootscooting fell on tough times, and we found it was going to be a long hard haul.
"Not all Country Dancing is Square"
Nothing could stop these Bootscoot Pioneers and with the Motto - Not all Country Dancing is Square - these urban Cowpokes kept dancing in line. The rest, as they say, is history. Today the heritage of Aussie Bootscoot can be traced back to Geoff Perkins & Co. All of us, have at one stage or another, learnt from his humble beginnings either directly or indirectly.
"These urban cowpokes kept dancing in line"
Gordon Elliott and Ken Wheatley (ALD) dance on stage with Jean Stafford in 1993.
BRISBANE & MELBOURNE
Brisbane and Melbourne witnessed the birth of Bootscooting at around the same time. It was 1988 that this took place and they too found it a long hard road to follow. Myself and partner in crime Mark Smith, started Bootscoot classes in Brisbane in 1988 at the Terminus Night Club. Ian Wilby and his team had just performed some demonstrations and workshops which we continued with at the venue. With the help and support of Neil McClucas, Steven Claffey and others we tried our hardest to keep the dream alive.
It was a hard slog, with holding down 9 - 5 jobs as well, we performed demonstrations at shopping centres, fairs, clubs and pubs. We met some fantastic and supportive people during this stint, one who stands out the most was one of our class members, and is regarded as another of Australia's most respected teachers and choreographers, Terry Hogan. Classes were humming along fairly well, although we did struggle at times to get enough dancers to make San Antonio Stroll look impressive.
"Melbourne witnessed the birth of Bootscooting around the same time"
Bootscooting in Melbourne started around the same time as Brisbane (1988). Whilst the Laird "Mens Only" Hotel in Abbotsford would welcome in this new era of dance, it would be Mulcahy's Hotel in North Melbourne that would ignite Melbourne's line dance scene. Two of those early pioneers were John Bishop & Annie Bradbury.
"If you're game then I am"
Our fondest memory of Brisbane's Bootscooting adolescence was also our most frightening. We were asked to put on a 15 minute demonstration at Brisbane's annual Warana Festival. It was a decision of, if you're game then I am. We couldn't get any other dancers to help on the day so we decided to go it alone.

Into the festival we strolled, Hats, Bolo's, Bootstraps, Bandanna's and all. You can imagine the looks we created. But the real surprise was yet to come. We were not aware that the two of us were to perform in front of a crowd of around 3,000 people.
"Then we are called on stage"
The sheer numbers were enough to scare anyone off let alone the fact it was only two of us performing a style of dancing that was still up till then very unknown. We must have filled the port-a-loo before going on. Then we are called on stage. It's our turn to perform. There's no turning back now.
"I forget the steps"
We commence with something upbeat and fast to set the scene and what do you know they love it. It has to be the hardest demonstration we have ever had to perform. I forget the steps, so Mark performs a quick solo (didn't miss a beat), that's right, I remember how it goes and I join back in for the remainder of the dance. The crowd thought it was part of the act. Ha Ha! We fooled them.

"They took pity on our sweaty, weary bodies and let us go home"
Our fifteen minutes of fame was finally up. We could now leave the stage and return to our very safe dance class and forget it ever happened. Well, that's what we thought. The organisers and crowd demanded more. Two teaches of simple dances and two hours later they took pity on our sweaty, weary bodies and let us go home.
"Maybe this was the breakthrough we needed"
We suddenly knew what adrenaline was because when we got home we realised just what had kept us going. At this point in time we started to see some response to the festival demonstrations. Enquiries were starting to filter through regarding classes etc. Maybe this was the breakthrough we needed. It did help us to create an awareness about Bootscooting but it still had a long way to go. However.....
"Things were about to change"

PERTH
In March 1992 Mark and I moved to Perth, Western Australia. In April that same year we set up a Bootscoot Club called Silver Spurs. Bootscooting was at this stage still very young and relatively unknown.

Groups such as ALD (Sydney) were firmly established but the boom had yet to be experienced, it was some way off. We commenced classes with around 45 dancers and taught this group for free once a week. This enabled us to indulge in Bootscooting and play Country Rock to our hearts content. It also helped promote this form of line dancing.

"Then it happened, Achy Breaky Heart"
In February 1993 we changed our name to Mustangs and decided to get serious about line dancing. A new class was formed with only 6 dancers and this quickly grew to around Forty. Then it happened. At around the same time as a full page editorial and a 10 minute prime time television expose on Bootscooting with the Mustangs, Billy Ray Cyrus released his number one hit song Achy Breaky Heart.
Suddenly everybody everywhere, wanted to learn "that dance". Leading the charge from old country to new country, the Billy Ray Cyrus smash hit Achy Breaky Heart quickly crossed over to Top 40 radio and spawned its own dance the "Achy Breaky".
"Bootscooting had arrived"
This one singular action changed the face of Bootscooting forever in Australia. Our classes boomed from 40 dancers to 187 overnight. We could not believe the response. We had people coming out of the woodwork. It was the same all over Australia. We were teaching in halls, car parks, wherever we could fit just one more dancer. Bootscooting had arrived.

Cindy Truelove's Texan Rebel Bootscooters were a big part of the Bootscoot push in WA
"What was all that fuss about"
It had been a long hard climb, people laughing at our admission to liking Country Music, explaining what Bootscooting was. Over the next few months we organised a demonstration team and started to demonstrate wherever possible. What was all that fuss about. People were finally discovering what Geoff Perkins already knew so many years before. Bootscooting was featured on television, radio and newspapers. It definately had arrived.

.
"Today there are hundreds of dance groups around Australia"
The next 12 months was a turbulent time for Bootscooting. From the humble beginnings dancers could see the potential in this new dance craze and decided to break away to form new dance groups. It has in some ways helped to create what Bootscooting is today. Some like ourselves teach full time while others dabble here and there. Today there are hundreds of dance groups around Australia. It was an eye-opening experience to have seen the beginnings of bootscooting in Australia, as humble as they were, to what it has risen to.
Marie & Bill Larson of Gold Coast Bootscooting, Kath MacManamon of Coraperena Linedancers along with Michael Vera-Lobos & Noel Brady of Strictly Linedance, make up just a few, of the many successful line dance groups today!
"I would like to pay tribute to Geoff Perkins"
It is also exceptionally satisfying and gives me a feeling of great pride knowing that I have seen its beginnings in three states of Australia. In closing, I would like to pay tribute to Geoff Perkins who through a love of Bootscooting could see just what fun could be attained through this dance.

"Be proud of your achievement"
It is unfortunate that Geoff is no longer with us 'god rest his soul'. To Ian Wilby, Ken Wheatley and others that I was lucky enough to know, hats off to you guys and remember we are the Pioneers of the best Toe Tappin, Knee Slappin' & yee-haa'n good times this country has seen. Be proud of your achievement.
Keep your boots nice and shiny,
Keep your smile nice and bright,
Put on your hat and pull on your jeans,
Cause we're going Scootin' tonight.
Trevor Smith 1996

You may be wondering about the line dance history of Victoria, Australian Capital Territory, Tasmania, Northern Territory & South Australia?
Information on the Line Dance History of Victoria, ACT, Tasmania, Northern Territory & South Australia would not have been readily available to Trevor in 1986, however through tireless research by Line Dance History Australia, you can now view the entirety of Australia's Line Dance Origins on the LDHA Website - CLICK HERE
Next Issue: BOOTSCOOT - the complete story of Australia's FIRST Line Dance Manual.

Hottest Dances in Victoria this month: Hot Tamales, Loose Boots, Bayou City Twister, Pioneer Waltz, Syncopations, Take It Away, Derringer, Ghost Rider, Mary Lou & Louisiana Hot Sauce.
We continue our series with Carol Fritchie, President of the National Association of Country Western Teachers (NTA) USA, an organisation that has been in Australia for a number of years but still remains relatively unknown. With their motto "Teachers Helping Teachers" the NTA is about to get a significant boost with the appointment of Australian Zone Director David Cheshire from Perth in Western Australia. David joins a diverse range of membership including USA, Canada, UK, Scotland, Holland, Germany, France, New Zealand, Middle East and Japan. Article on Page 9.
David Cheshire (WA), newly appointed NTA Zone Director for Australia and New Zealand recently attended the World Championships in Nashville with wife Sabina. Read David's letter on Page 45.

Hottest Dances in Western Australia this month: Way Out West, Louisiana Hot Sauce, Cha Cha Maria, Ghost Riders, Shoot Out, Bayou City Twister, Bad Girl, Alien Boogie, Plum Crazy & Stray Boots.

Organisers of the upcoming 1997 Longest Line in Tamworth are looking for an additional 50 Marshalls. You can volunteer your local dance group or just yourself. Interested? Contact Joe MacManamon on 067 664 107.

Line Dancers have been out in force this year supporting charity dance events across Australia. Here is some feedback from the organisers of several of those events.
Maryanne Knight, the Fundraising Co-ordinator for the Westhaven Association (caring for the disabled in the Orana region) tells Country Goss' that the huge amount of $10,000 was raised for the Westhaven Association at the Dubbo Bootscooters Ball on the 9th March 1996 with guests coming in from across Australia. Julie Talbot donated her time with a workshop and social whilst Lee Kernaghan offered one lucky dancer the opportunity to meet with him backstage after his latest show.
Cheryl Lang reports on the Autumn Line Dance Spectacular held on the 23rd March 1996 in Hawks Nest, NSW (page 13). The event attracted dancers from Wollongong, Sydney, Gosford, Newcastle, Forster, Taree, Dungog, Singleton, Maitland, Muswellbrook, Raymond Terrace, Karuah and Bulahdelah. Lance Pritchard conducted the Workshop whilst MC and DJ Max Bowen kept the Social fun and fast moving with his electric personality. All proceeds from the event are going towards the Hawks Nest Tea Gardens - Lioness Club & Miss Personality Quest entrant - Miss Darrelyn Russell.

The Warialda "Dance For Life" Marathon was held over the weekend of 29th - 31st March 1996, an initiative of Warialda local Beth Albert to help raise money for the National Heart Foundation. The event raised an impressive $6,263 and will go towards the Heart Foundation's lifesaving research and education programs. Kenneth Harrison, Heart Fund Director for NSW who opened the event said, "The enthusiasm and community minded spirit of the line dancers is just fantastic, we're delighted to have the support of the Warialda wider community". Further events for the Heart Foundation are now in the pipeline.
Elaine Johnson from Dee Why in NSW reports on the recent 7th Bay of Islands Country Music Festival in New Zealand and the many highlights including line dancing in the main street of Kawakawa. Nashville singer songwriter Angela Kaset topped the bill among 60 other acts for the Festival. Read Elaine's letter on Page 45.
Hottest Dances in Queensland this month: Mary Lou, Hot Tamales, Bow Legged Boogaloo, Smokey Places, Ghost Rider, Louisiana Hot Sauce, 2001 BC Coaster, The Beaujolais Waltz, Kickin' Up Dust & Haunted Heart.

The Spirit of Tamworth has nominated the first Sunday in December as "National Bootscootin' Sunday". The idea being that your Club plans a special community event, which may be a visit to a nursing home, a demo at a local park or even a small fundraising event for a local charity. A National Day of Community Service. If you would like further information or inspiration contact Joe MacManamon on 067 664 107.

Thirty-nine females from Southport are currently volunteering to assist Griffith University student Cath Young undertake groundbreaking medical work to help stamp out Osteoporosis in post-menopausal women, by undertaking line dance lessons. "Weight bearing exercise like line dancing can stimulate bone mass in healthy individuals who have adequate dietary calcium and Vitamin D" Cath said. The volunteers meet weekly to line dance at the Southport Community Centre. See the article below.


Yvette Flynn & June Johns aka The Hootin' Nanny Grannies are back again with more Travellers Tales from around Australia. Catch up on what they've been up to on Page 35.
The Cochrane family from Wellers Hill in Queensland were excited to let Country Goss' readers know that they were part of a group of 45 that accompanied Terry Hogan of Brisbane Line Dancers on his first country dance tour to Nashville in January this year.
One of the highlights for the Cochrane family was being present for the taping of TNN's Wildhorse Saloon TV Show where many of the group were featured dancing. You can read the family's full letter in The Bushwire.

Do you remember the dance Nada by Mr Eddy May? Well, we had an interesting letter from Eddy's "I'm never going to line dance" son Shane this month. What did he have to say? Read Shane's letter in the Bushwire on Page 47.

Peter Jewel from Upper Caboolture in QLD tells us he has taken on a role with a Canadian Publishing company that supplies every state in the USA and 14 other countries with a "12 volume series" of country dance routines. Peter is now in the process of negotiating for an Australian volume of local choreographies. More of Peter's story on Page 48.

Choreography Correction: In the Home Grown Choreography Section of the (original) May/June 1996 issue of Country Goss', the dance "Lady Luck" choreographed by Rose & Rick Coomber of Country Coyotes in Tasmania, (song by Craig Giles), contained a 4 beat omission in the printing. With the beauty of technology we have now gone back and rectified this error in the on-line version and reprinted the correct version in this issue. Check out "Lady Luck" along with all the latest Home Grown Choreographies on Page 33.

You can't make this stuff up! Country Goss' was at the KICK AM1269 Dance Ranch at St Mary's Band Club in Western Sydney recently to witness the 1st prize draw for a P&O non-transferrable line dance cruise valued at over $5,000. The first draw from the barrel was for 3rd place and was won by a fella who was more than happy with his 3rd place prize as he was off to Nashville at the same time the cruise was on so he wouldn't have been able to go anyway. The 2nd draw for 2nd place was won by another dancer who again was happy with her 2nd place as she too was off to Nashville at the same time as the cruise was on.

Next was the BIG ONE. When the 1st place prize was pulled from the barrel, the young woman who had won could be seen to cover her face with her two hands in total disbelief saying, "I can't believe it, I can't believe it, I've won the holiday of a lifetime.......but I can't take it". Yep, she too was off to Nashville! Re-draw! So, who ended up winning the $5,000 P&O cruise? Well in the end it was won by a visiting couple who were very, very pleased with their win. However, they couldn't resist telling the amused crowd "We've just returned from Nashville"!

The Total Country Challenge was held at the Ourimbah RSL over the weekend of 25th-26th May 1996 with one of the biggest line dance spectaculars ever held on the NSW Central Coast. Last year, the event attracted 61 entries, this year it sky-rocketed to well over 160 entries. We've got two videos below of the Finalists - Peninsula Bootscooters of Sydney. The full results of the Challenge are on Page 18 in Country Goss'.
Joy, Vicki, Julie, Di and Colleen. Vicki choreographed this routine "Big Girls"
Collen Uren, Vicki Sheil and Di Munroe
Also, on the 25th May 1996, Dorothy Ross, Gae McGlashan and the Oasis Country Line Dancers celebrated 2 years of dancing in the Sunraysia District with a memorable workshop and social evening, hosting Julie Talbot and a large group of dancers from Sydney and Melbourne.

Over 300 dancers converged on Mildura for a workshop and fun dance weekend.
Lots more happening in Mildura this year. Gordon Elliott will be in town for a workshop and social on the 27th July 1996. Further details & bookings contact Chris on Ph: 050 230 003.

Hottest Dances in South Australia this month: Smokey Places, Cowgirl Connection, Black Dresses, Rock Around The Clock, Derringer, Footloose (WA Version), Minute Waltz, Country Chorus Line, Gotta Love It & Cowboy Rhythm.

The Spirit of Tamworth reports that next year's (1997) Longest Line will have a new sponsor along with new management. Joe MacManamon has told Country Goss' "The Longest Line belongs to all dancers and next year it will be managed on the day by the line dancers. Apex will look after the donation containers, securing the money for equal share between the Arthritis Foundation and other charities of their choosing".

Just got to love some of the letters to Country Goss'. C Madden of Broadbeach Waters in Queensland writes: "I would have to say unequivocally that Country Goss' is my favourite mag these days and I so look forward to its arrival. In fact, so do all the family............ I was quite surprised this month (May/June 1996) though, to realise how quickly I got through reading it, and after chatting with my family it seems they feel the same that there just doesn't seem to be as much 'meat' this time......." Read the Madden's full letter on Page 48.
Annie Bradbury (QLD) shares this fun video from June 1996 - Yes, that's how it was!
A woman from Oregan USA has died while line dancing. A group of dancers were attempting some variations and wild arm movements to a particular choreography when the woman slipped, hitting her head. A warning has been issued to take care when attempting the dances Texas Swing, Aggie Swing and Rodeo Swing. Yep, it's true. It's all in the Computer Chip Cowboy Report on Page 19!


